Sepsis precoz, osteoartritis y meningitis: a propósito de un caso clínico / Early sepsis, osteoarthritis and meningitis: a clinical case / Sepse precoce, osteoartrite e meningite: relato de caso

Se expone el caso de un recién nacido que desarrolló sepsis connatal precoz a Streptococcus agalactiae, con meningitis aguda supurada y osteoartritis de rodilla izquierda. Como factor de riesgo la madre no tenía realizado el exudado rectovaginal, pesquisa que detecta la colonización por estreptococo del grupo B (EGB). Se aisló el germen en hemocultivo y en líquido de punción articular. Recibió tratamiento antibiótico adecuado a la sensibilidad del microorganismo y según pauta de sepsis con meningitis, evolucionando favorablemente. En este trabajo se describe la epidemiología de la sepsis neonatal y los cambios ocurridos luego de la implementación de la profilaxis antibiótica en el preparto.

We hereby present the case of a newborn with early connatal sepsis due to Streptococcus agalactiae, with acute suppurative meningitis and left knee osteoarthritis. As a risk factor, the mother had not performed the rectus vaginal exudate screening that detects colonization by Group B Streptococcus (GBS). The germ was isolated in blood culture and in joint puncture fluid. The patient received germ-sensitive antibiotic treatment for meningitis sepsis and evolved favorably. This paper describes the epidemiology of neonatal sepsis and the changes that have occurred after the administration of the antibiotic prophylaxis during pregnancy.

Apresentamos o caso de um recém-nascido com sepse neonatal precoce por Streptococcus agalactiae, com meningite supurativa aguda e osteoartrite de joelho esquerdo. Como fator de risco, a mãe não realizou teste de exsudato vaginal do reto que detecta a colonização por estreptococos do grupo B (SGB). O germe foi isolado em hemocultura e líquido de punção articular. A paciente recebeu tratamento com antibióticos germinativos para padrão meningite sepse e evoluiu favoravelmente. Este artigo descreve a epidemiologia da sepse neonatal e as mudanças ocorridas após a administração da profilaxia antibiótica durante a gravidez.

Structural validity of the Brazilian version of the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index among patients with knee osteoarthritis

BACKGROUND: The original structure of the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) has been contested in several languages. OBJECTIVE: To assess the structural validity of the Brazilian version of WOMAC among patients with knee osteoarthritis. DESIGN AND SETTING: Structural validity study conducted at physiotherapy clinics and primary healthcare units. METHODS: The study included males and females aged 40 to 80 years who were all native Brazilian Portuguese speakers, with knee pain in the previous six months and a diagnosis of knee osteoarthritis. We used exploratory factor analysis (EFA) followed by confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) with implementation of a polychoric matrix and the robust diagonally weighted least squares (RDWLS) extraction method. The adequacy of the model was assessed using the following fit indices: root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA), comparative fit index (CFI), Tucker-Lewis index (TLI), standardized root mean square residual (SRMR) and chi-square/degree of freedom (DF). RESULTS: 203 patients with knee osteoarthritis were included. The model proposed in this study with two factors, i.e. "pain" (items 1, 2, 3 and 4) and "physical function" (items 10, 11, 16, 17, 18, 19, 21 and 22), showed adequate fit indices in CFA: chi-square/DF = 1.30; CFI = 0.976; TLI = 0.970; RMSEA = 0.039; and SRMR = 0.070. The factorial loads ranged from 0.68 to 0.76 for the "pain" domain and 0.44 to 0.62 for the "physical function" domain. CONCLUSION: The Brazilian version of WOMAC with two domains, i.e. "pain" (four items) and "physical function" (eight items), presents the best structure.

Ostectomía del peroné en el genu varo doloroso de rodilla. Resultados preliminares al año de operado / Fibula ostectomy in painful genu varum of the knee. Preliminary results after a year of the surgery

Introducción: la artrosis de rodilla puede llegar a ser una patología muy invalidante por sus síntomas, caracterizados por dolor, inseguridad y pérdida funcional. Es una patología degenerativa que ha aumentado su prevalencia en las últimas décadas, muy ligada al envejecimiento poblacional. Objetivo: validar la técnica de la ostectomía del peroné en el genu varo doloroso como nueva opción de tratamiento. Materiales y Métodos: se realizó un estudio, prospectivo y lineal en el Hospital Militar "Dr. Mario Muñoz Monroy" de Matanzas, desde abril del 2016 hasta agosto del 2017. Se aplicó la nueva técnica del Dr. Ying-Ze Zhang, del Departamento de Cirugía Ortopédica del Tercer Hospital de la Universidad Médica de Hebei en Shijiazhuang, China. En la actualidad ya existe una casuística de 75 pacientes, con 84 rodillas operadas de los cuales se presentan los resultados de los primeros 11 pacientes, posterior al año de operado. Resultados: el promedio de edad fue de 64,3 años, (45 años el menor y 84 años el mayor); de los cuales 8 eran hombres y 3 mujeres. Se aplicó la escala visual analógica para el dolor pre y post-operatorio en cuanto a la marcha y al subir escalones; estando todos los pacientes al caminar, por encima de 6 y al subir escaleras por encima de 7. Después de un año de operados 10 pacientes se encontraban evaluados al caminar entre 0 y 3 puntos, y al subir escalones 9 en igual puntuación; 1 en 5, y solamente 1 paciente mantuvo igual puntuación antes de operarse. Valorando estas puntuaciones se evaluaron 9 pacientes de bien, 2 de regular, y se presentaron 3 complicaciones. Conclusiones: al año de seguimiento ocurre gran mejoría del dolor, mejorando la seguridad del paciente durante la marcha (AU).

Introduction: the fibular osteoarthritis could be a very invalidating disease due to its symptoms, characterized by pain, insecurity and functional loss. It is a degenerative disease whose prevalence has increased during the last decades, tightly linked to population ageing. Objective: to validate the technique of fibular ostectomy in the painful genu varum as a new treatment option. Materials and Methods: a prospective, lineal study was carried out in the Military Hospital "Dr. Mario Muñoz Monroy", of Matanzas, from April 2016 to August 2017. It was used the new technique of Dr. Ying-Ze Zhang, from the Department of Orthopedic Surgery of the Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University in Shijiazhuang, China. Currently there is a series of cases of 75 patients, with 84 operated knees; the results of the first 11 operated patients, are presented here after a year of the surgery. Results: the average age was 64.3 years, 45 years the youngest and 84 years the eldest; from them, 8 were men and 3 women. The analogical visual scale for the pre and post-surgical pain was applied during the gait and when going upstairs. During the gait all the patients were above 6, and when climbing upstairs above 7. After a year from the operation 10 patients got an evaluation between 0 and 3 points during the gait, and 9 got the same score when climbing steps; one got 5, and only 1 patient kept the same score than before the operation. Taking into account these scores, 9 patients were evaluated as good, 2 regular, and there were 3 complications. Conclusions: after a one-year follow-up, the pain greatly improves, improving patients' security during the gait (AU).

Inadequate pain relief among patients with primary knee osteoarthritis / Alívio inadequado da dor em pacientes com osteoartrite de joelho primária

ABSTRACT Background: Despite the widespread treatments for osteoarthritis (OA), data on treatment patterns, adequacy of pain relief, and quality of life are limited. The prospective multinational Survey of Osteoarthritis Real World Therapies (SORT) was designed to investigate these aspects. Objectives: To analyze the characteristics and the patient reported outcomes of the Portuguese dataset of SORT at the start of observation. Methods: Patients ≥50 years with primary knee OA who were receiving oral or topical analgesics were eligible. Patients were enrolled from seven healthcare centers in Portugal between January and December 2011. Pain and function were evaluated using the Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) and WOMAC. Quality of life was assessed using the 12-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-12). Inadequate pain relief (IPR) was defined as a score >4/10 on item 5 of the BPI. Results: Overall, 197 patients were analyzed. The median age was 67.0 years and 78.2% were female. Mean duration of knee OA was 6.2 years. IPR was reported by 51.3% of patients. Female gender (adjusted odds ratio - OR 2.15 [95%CI 1.1, 4.5]), diabetes (OR 3.1 [95%CI 1.3, 7.7]) and depression (OR 2.24 [95%CI 1.2, 4.3]) were associated with higher risk of IPR. Patients with IPR reported worst outcomes in all dimensions of WOMAC (p < 0.001) and in all eight domains and summary components of SF-12 (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Our findings indicate that improvements are needed in the management of pain in knee OA in order to achieve better outcomes in terms of pain relief, function and quality of life.

RESUMO Antecedentes: Apesar dos tratamentos muito difundidos para a osteoartrite (OA), dados sobre os padrões de tratamento, a adequação do alívio da dor e a qualidade de vida são limitados. O estudo multinacional prospectivo Survey of Osteoarthritis Real World Therapies (SORT) foi projetado para investigar esses aspectos. Objetivos: Analisar as características e os desfechos relatados pelo paciente do conjunto de dados português do Sort no início da observação. Métodos: Consideraram-se elegíveis os pacientes com 50 anos ou mais com OA de joelho primária que recebiam analgésicos orais ou tópicos. Os pacientes foram recrutados de sete centros de saúde de Portugal entre janeiro e dezembro de 2011. A dor e a função foram avaliadas pelo Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) e pelo WOMAC. A qualidade de vida foi avaliada com o 12-item Short Form Health Survey (SF-12). O alívio inadequado da dor (AID) foi definido como uma pontuação > 4/10 no item 5 do BPI. Resultados: Foram analisados 197 pacientes. A idade média foi de 67 anos e 78,2% eram do sexo feminino. A duração média da OA de joelho foi de 6,2 anos. O AID foi relatado por 51,3% dos pacientes. O sexo feminino (odds ratio ajustado - OR 2,15 [IC 95% 1,1-4,5]), o diabetes (OR = 3,1 [IC 95% 1,3-7,7]) e a depressão (OR 2,24 [IC 95% 1,2-4,3]) estiveram associados a um maior risco de AID. Os pacientes com AID relataram piores desfechos em todas as dimensões do Womac (p < 0,001) e em todos os oito domínios e nos dois componentes sumários do SF-12 (p < 0,001). Conclusões: Os resultados do presente estudo indicam que é necessário melhorar o manejo da dor na OA de joelho a fim de alcançar melhores desfechos em termos de alívio da dor, função e qualidade de vida.

Osteoartritis (artrosis) de rodilla / Knee osteoarthritis (osteoarthrosis)

La artrosis de rodilla (OA) es uno de los principales problemas de salud a nivel mundial debido a su alta prevalencia y costos asociados. Los conocimientos disponibles demuestran que el componente inflamatorio es fundamental en el desarrollo de esta condición, abandonándose el concepto de que la OA es una enfermedad puramente degenerativa. En el presente escrito revisaremos, basándonos en la literatura disponible, la epidemiología y los factores de riesgo involucrados, los nuevos conocimientos fisiopatológicos, el enfrentamiento clínico y los tratamientos disponibles tanto médicos como quirúrgicos de esta condición...

Knee osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the major public health problems worldwide, due to its high prevalence and associated costs. The available knowledge shows that the inflammatory component is critical in the development of this condition, abandoning the concept that OA is only a degenerative disease. A review is presented in this article, based on the available literature, on the epidemiology and risk factors involved, recent knowledge about the pathophysiological and clinical management, and the medical and surgical treatments available for this condition...

Pseudoartrosis de espina tibial en el adulto joven. Artrosis rápidamente evolutiva / Tibial spine nonunion. Rapidly destructive arthrosis

Se presenta un caso de fractura de espina tibial (Tipo IV) en un adulto joven que evolucionó con pseudoartrosis del foco de fractura, a pesar de un tratamiento quirúrgico, generando una enfermedad articular degenerativa de rápida evolución.

We present a case of a tibial spine fracture (type IV) in a young adult who developed nonunion of the fracture despite surgical treatment, generating rapidly evolving degenerative joint disease.

Arthroscanner du genou : à propos de 68 cas colligés à l'hôpital militaire d'Abidjan (HMA)

But: Decrire les donnees epidemiologiques; cliniques et scanographiques des lesions du genou observees a l'arthroscanner dans le service de radiologie de l'Hopital Militaire d'Abidjan Materiel et Methode: Nous avons mene une etude retrospective de novembre 2008 a juillet 2010; soit une periode de 20 mois concernant 68 patients.Resultats: Au plan clinique le genou droit etait le plus lese 54% des cas ; la notion de traumatisme a ete retrouvee dans 60% des cas ; les symptomes cliniques n'etaient pas toujours enonces par les cliniciens. Au plan scanographique les lesions meniscales ont ete retrouvees chez 51% des cas ; les lesions ligamentaires chez 48% des cas; avec 29% d'atteinte du LCA; les lesions cartilagineuses chez 25% et 59% de nos patients etaient au stade d'arthrose.Conclusion: L'arthroscanner a permis de faire le bilan lesionnel cartilagineux; meniscal et meme ligamentaire. Toutefois; l'IRM reste l'examen de reference pour l'etude des derangements intra articulaires du genou du fait de son innocuite et de sa resolution en contraste; mais elle reste encore inaccessible dans la plus part des pays d'Afrique noire

Age-related NADPH Oxidase (arNOX) Activity Correlated with Cartilage Degradation and Bony Changes in Age-related Osteoarthritis

The purpose of this study was to investigate the age-related NADPH oxidase (arNOX) activity in patients with age-related knee osteoarthritis (OA). Serum and cartilage arNOX activities were determined using an oxidized ferricytochrome C reduction assay. Full-thickness knee joint cartilages obtained through total knee replacement surgery were graded according to the Outerbridge (OB) classification. Radiographic severity of OA was determined on Knee X-rays according to the Kellgren-Lawrence (K/L) grading system. Cartilage beta-galactosidase, HIF-1alpha, and GLUT-1 expression levels were evaluated as markers for tissue senescence, hypoxia, and glycolysis. Higher arNOX activities occurred with higher levels of cartilage beta-galactosidase, HIF-1alpha, and GLUT-1 (P = 0.002). arNOX activity in cartilages with surface defects (OB grade II, III) was higher than in those without the defects (OB grade 0, I) (P = 0.012). Cartilage arNOX activity showed a positive correlation with serum arNOX activity (r = -0.577, P = 0.023). Serum arNOX activity was significantly higher in the OA subgroup with bilateral ROA than in the OA with no or unilateral ROA (2.449 +/- 0.81, 2.022 +/- 0.251 nM/mL, respectively, P = 0.019). The results of this study demonstrate that OA itself is not a cause to increase arNOX activities, however, arNOX hyperactivity is related to a high degree of cartilage degradation, and a high grade and extent of ROA in age-related OA.

T2 Values of Femoral Cartilage of the Knee Joint: Comparison between Pre-Contrast and Post-Contrast Images

OBJECTIVE: To retrospectively evaluate the relationship between T2 values of pre- and post-contrast magnetic resonance (MR) images of femoral cartilage in patients with varying degrees of osteoarthritis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 19 patients underwent delayed gadolinium-enhanced MRI of cartilage. Six regions of interest for T2 value measurement were obtained from pre- and post-contrast T2-weighted, sagittal, multi-slice, multi-echo, source images in each subject. Regions with modified Noyes classification grade 2B and 3 were excluded. Comparison of T2 values between pre- and post-contrast images and T2 values among regions with the grade 0, 1 and 2A groups were statistically analyzed. RESULTS: Of a total of 114 regions, 79 regions showing grade 0 (n = 46), 1 (n = 18), or 2A (n = 15) were analyzed. The overall and individual T2 values of post-contrast images were significantly lower than those of pre-contrast images (overall, 35.3 +/- 9.2 [mean +/- SD] vs. 29.9 +/- 8.2, p < 0.01; range of individual, 28.9-37.6 vs. 27.1-36.4, p < 0.01). Pearson correlation coefficients showed a strong positive correlation between pre- and post-contrast images (rho-Pearson = 0.712-0.905). T2 values of pre- and post-contrast images of the grade 0 group were significantly lower than those of the grade 1/2A group (pre T2, p = 0.003; post T2, p = 0.006). CONCLUSION: T2 values of the femoral cartilage of the knee joint are significantly lower on post-contrast images than on pre-contrast images. Furthermore, these T2 values have a strong positive correlation between pre- and post-contrast images.

The presence of MEFV gene mutations in patients with primary osteoarthritis who require surgery

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Chronic arthritis of familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) involves weight-bearing joints and can occur in patients without a history of acute attack. Our aim was to investigate a possible causal relationship between FMF and osteoarthritis in a population in which FMF is quite common. METHODS: Patients with late stage primary osteoarthritis were enrolled, and five MEFV gene mutations were investigated. The frequency of MEFV gene mutations was compared among patients with osteoarthritis and a previous healthy group from our center. RESULTS: One hundred patients with primary osteoarthritis and 100 healthy controls were studied. The frequency of MEFV gene mutations was significantly lower in the osteoarthritis group (9% vs. 19%). M694V was the most frequent mutation (5%) in the osteoarthritis group, whereas in the control group, E148Q was the most common (16%). In subgroup analyses, the mutation frequency of patients with hip osteoarthritis was not different from that of patients with knee osteoarthritis and controls (7.1%, 9.7%, and 19%, respectively). There were no differences among the three groups with respect to MEFV gene mutations other than E148Q (8.1% vs. 3.6%). E148Q was significantly lower in the osteoarthritis group than in the controls (16% vs. 1%), although the mutations did not differ between patients with knee osteoarthritis and controls. CONCLUSIONS: In a population with a high prevalence of MEFV gene mutations, we did not find an increased mutation rate in patients with primary osteoarthritis. Furthermore, we found that some mutations were significantly less frequent in patients with osteoarthritis. Although the number of patients studied was insufficient to claim that E148Q gene mutation protects against osteoarthritis, the potential of this gene merits further investigation.

Fadiga óssea: causa de dor em joelhos na osteoartrite / Bone attrition: a cause of knee pain in osteoarthritis

A dor no joelho é o sintoma mais comum na osteoartrite, sendo a principal causa de incapacidade crônica em idosos e uma das principais fontes de morbidade atribuível à osteoartrite em geral. As causas de dor no joelho em pessoas com osteoartrite não são facilmente entendidas e o conhecimento sobre as causas da dor é fundamental para que futuramente sejam realizadas intervenções específicas. A fadiga óssea representa o remodelamento do osso subcondral na osteoartrite, levando a uma consequente alteração na forma do osso e/ou perda óssea. No entanto, a fadiga óssea não é algo facilmente interpretado, pois é de difícil detecção na ausência de defeitos claros da cortical e pela sobreposição de estruturas ósseas nas radiografias convencionais. A fadiga óssea está associada não apenas a dor no joelho, mas também a rigidez e incapacidade. Se a fadiga ocorre antes da osteoartrite avançada, isso sugere que alterações no osso subcondral podem ocorrer simultaneamente a alterações da cartilagem e que tratamentos visando sua preservação podem não ser eficazes. Lesões com padrão de edema ósseo estão associadas e são fatores preditivos para fadiga óssea. Este trabalho tem por objetivo rever a literatura mostrando a importância da fadiga óssea e de como diagnosticar esta alteração nos exames de imagem.

Knee pain is the most frequent symptom in osteoarthritis, a condition that is the leading cause of chronic disability in the elderly and one of the main sources of morbidity attributable to osteoarthritis in general. The causes of knee pain in individuals with osteoarthritis cannot be easily understood, and the knowledge of such causes is critical for determining future specific interventions. Bone attrition represents remodelling of the subchondral bone envelope in osteoarthritis, leading to a consequential change in bone shape and/or bone loss. However, bone attrition is not a feature that can be easily read, since it is hardly detected in the absence of clear defects of cortical bone integrity and because of overlap of bone structures at radiography. Bone attrition is associated not only with knee pain, but also with stiffness and disability. If attrition occurs prior to advanced osteoarthritis, this would suggest that changes in subchondral bone occur concurrently with cartilage loss and that treatments targeting cartilage loss alone are unlikely to be effective. Association with edema-like bone marrow lesions may be observed and constitute predictive factors for subchondral bone attrition. The present study was aimed at reviewing the literature, demonstrating the relevance of bone attrition and explaining how to diagnose this entity on imaging studies.

Desempenho muscular, dor, rigidez e funcionalidade de idosas com osteoartrite de joelho / Muscle performance, pain, stiffness, and functionality in elderly women with knee osteoarthritis

OBJETIVO: Verificar a correlação do desempenho dos músculos do joelho e os domínios dor, rigidez e funcionalidade do Questionário Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) de idosas com osteoartrite de joelho (OA). MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal observacional com uma amostra de 80 idosas (71,2 ¡¾ 5,3 anos) com diagnóstico clínico de OA de joelho. Força, resistência e equilíbrio musculares foram avaliados por meio do dinamômetro isocinético Biodex System 3 Pro, nas velocidades angulares de 60¨¬/s e 180¨¬/s; a funcionalidade, presença de dor e rigidez foram avaliadas pelo questionário WOMAC. A correlação entre as variáveis foi analisada pelo teste de Spearman. RESULTADOS: Houve correlação inversa significativa da força e resistência musculares do quadríceps (QUA) e isquiossurais (IQS) nas velocidades de 60¨¬/s e 180¡Æ/s, respectivamente, e da relação de equilíbrio muscular IQS/QUA a 180¡Æ/s com todos os domínios do WOMAC (p<0.05). CONCLUSÕES: A redução da força e da resistência e a presença de desequilíbrio dos músculos do joelho correlacionaram-se inversamente com todos os domínios do WOMAC, apontando para a necessidade de intervenções que envolvam um trabalho de fortalecimento, resistência e equilíbrio muscular de extensores e flexores de joelho, visando a redução do impacto da OA na dor, rigidez e funcionalidade do idoso. Nivel de Evidência I, Estudos diagnósticos, Investigação de um exame para diagnóstico.

OBJECTIVE: To determinethe correlation between performance of the knee muscles and pain, stiffness, and functionality, through theWestern Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) Questionnaire applied to an elderly population with osteoarthritis of the knee (OA). METHODS: This study uses an observational, cross-sectional approach applied to a convenience sample of 80 elderly individuals (71.2 ¡¾ 5.3 years of age) with a clinical diagnosis of OA of the knee. Muscle strength, resistance, and balance of the knee were evaluated using the Biodex System 3 Pro isokinetic dynamometer at angularspeedsof 60¨¬/s and 180¨¬/s. The self-reported functionality, presence of pain, and stiffness were evaluated by the WOMAC questionnaire. The correlation between the variables was analyzed bySpearman's coefficient of correlation (¥á = 0.05). RESULTS: A significant inverse correlation was observed between muscle strength and resistance of the quadriceps muscle (Q) and the hamstring muscle (H) at speeds of 60¨¬/s and 180¡Æ/s, respectively, as well as in the relation between H/Q muscle balance at 180¡Æ/s and all domains of the WOMAC (p?0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The reduction in strength, resistance, and presence of imbalance in the knee muscles are inversely correlated with all the domains of the WOMAC in elderly individuals with OA. These results indicate a need for intervention that involves strengthening, resistance, and balance of the knee extensor and flexor muscles, aimed at reducing the impact of OA in relation to pain, stiffness, and functionality in elderly individuals. Level I, diagnostic studies - investigating a diagnostic test.

Avaliação antropométrica e do ângulo quadricipital na osteoartrite de joelho em mulheres obesas / Anthropometric and Q angle assessment in obese women with knee osteoarthritis

A osteoartrite (OA) é uma doença articular degenerativa, caracterizada porprocesso inflamatório, dor e deformidades; um de seus fatores preditivos é a obesidade. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar possíveis correlações entre medidas antropométricas, o ângulo quadricipital (Q) e a osteoartrite de joelho. A amostra foi composta por 50 voluntárias obesas (30 com OA de joelho e 20 sem OA), com idade entre 40 e 60 anos. Foram mensurados, além do IMC (índice de massacorporal), circunferência abdominal (CA), perímetros de cintura e quadril para cálculo da relação cintura-quadril e o ângulo Q; a osteoartrite foi diagnosticada clinicamente e por meio de radiografia da articulação do joelho. Foram encontradas correlações positivas fracas entre IMC e ângulo Q e entre tempo de obesidade e grau de degeneração articular. A CA apresentou correlação positiva fraca com o grau de degeneração articular e o de gravidade da OA. O cálculo da razão de chance (OR) indica que as voluntárias com IMC>34 kg/m2 e CA>110 cm tiveram 3,7 e 7 vezes, respectivamente, mais chance de apresentarem OA. A obesidade central, seu grau e duração possivelmente contribuem para a incidência da OA de joelhos em mulheres obesas. A circunferência abdominal foi a medida que melhor se correlacionou com a presença e grau de OA em obesas, o que aponta para a relevância de sua mensuração na avaliação clínica.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disease characterized by inflammatory process, pain, and deformity; one of its main predictive factors isobesity. The aim of this study was to search for possible correlations between anthropometric measures, the Q angle and knee osteoarthritis. A sample of 50 obese women (30 with knee osteoarthritis and 20 with no joint disease), aged between 40 to 60 years, were assessed as to BMI (body mass index), abdominal circumference (AC), waist and hip perimeters (so as to calculate waist-hip ratio), and the Q angle; osteoarthritis was diagnosed by clinical exam and knee joint radiography. Results showed a positive, poor correlation between BMI and Q angle, as well as between time of obesity onset and degree of joint degeneration. AC was found to positively, though weakly, correlate with the degree of joint degeneration and of OA severity. Adjusted odds ratio for OA showed that women with BMI>34kg/m2 and AC>110 cm were respectively 3.7 and 7 times more likely to develop OA. The degree and duration of central obesity possibly contribute to incidence of knee OA in obese women. Abdominal circumference was the measure that most correlated with the degree of joint degeneration and of OA severity, which suggests it should be used in clinical evaluation.

Viscosuplementación como alternativa de tratamiento en osteoartritis de rodilla: resultados a mediano plazo / Viscosupplementation as treatment option for osteoarthritis of the knee: medium term results

La viscosuplementación es una alternativa de eficacia comprobada en el tratamiento de la osteoartristis de rodilla. La administración de ácido hialurónico intraarticular restaura las propiedades elastoviscosas del líquido sinoval. A la serie de 30 casos de osteoartritis de rodilla tratados con viscosuplementación, publicada en 2001, complementamos en este trabajo los resultados en ciento cincuenta y ocho (158) rodillas, pertenecientes a ciento catorce (114) pacientes, tratados con inyección intra-articular de ácido hialurónico (Synvisc®), a razón de una aplicación semanal por tres dosis, durante el periodo abril 2001 a diciembre 2008. Utilizamos la Escala Análoga Visula (EAV) x 100 para valorar el dolor. La función fue evaluada por el nivel de actividad del paciente para valorar la función y la escala de Kellgren-Lawrence fue usada para evaluar el estadio radiológico de la osteoartritis. En un periodo de seguimiento promedio de 4,5 años, 114 rodillas (91,1 por ciento) presentaron evolución satisfactoria por mejoría del dolor y de la función articular. En 14 rodilla (8,9 por ciento) los resultados fueron pobres. La viscosuplementación representa una opción terapéutica valiosa para la osteoartritis de rodilla en estadios iniciales. Se requiere ensayos clínicos a largo plazo que evidencien la utilización del ácido hialurónico para revertir o retrasar la progresión de la lesión del cartílago en osteoartritis de rodilla.

Viscosupplementation is an alternative of proven efficacy for the treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee. Intraarticular administration of hyaluronic acid restores the elastoviscous properties of the synovial fluid. To complement the series of 30 cases of knee osteoarthritis treated with viscosupplementation published in 2001, we present in this paper the results of our series of one hundred and fifty eigth (158) knees, belonging to one hundred and fourteen patients, treated with intra-articular injection of hyaluronic acid (Synvisc®), at the rate of a weekly application by three doses, from april 2001 to december 2008. We used the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) x 100 to value the pain. The function was valuated by the level of activity of the patient and the scale of Kellgren-Lawrence was used to value the radiological stage of the osteoarthritis. In a follow-up period of 4,5 years, the outcome in 114 knees (91,1 percent) was satisfactory, with improvement of pain and knee function. In fourteen knees (8,9 percent) the outcome was poor. Viscosupplementation represents a valuable therapeutical option for patients with knee osteoarthritis in initial stages more long term clinical trials are needed to evidence the utility of hyaluronic acid to revert or delay the progression of the cartilage injury in knee osteoarthritis.

Avaliação radiológica da osteoartrose de joelhos: vista póstero-anterior do túnel ou ântero-posterior com carga em extensão? / Radiological evaluation of osteoarthrosis of the knee: weight bearing posteroanterior tunnel view or weight bearing anteroposterior view in extension?

Objetivo: Verificar se há diferença entre as medidas da fenda articular do joelho nas incidências radiográficas em ântero-posterior (AP), com carga e o joelho totalmente estendido, e a vista póstero-anterior do túnel (VPAT), com carga e joelho flexionado cerca de 30 graus. Materiais e métodos: Foram avaliados radiologicamente 50 pacientes do sexo feminino, acima de 40 anos, com sintomas clínicos e sinais radiológicos de osteoartrose (OA) nos joelhos, enquadradas nos graus II e III, de acordo com a classificação de Kellgren e Lawrence. As medidas foram feitas por dois ortopedistas cegos entre si que utilizaram um paquímetro digital. Os pontos da fenda articular determinados para medida foram a 10 mm da borda e no ponto médio dos compartimentos medial e lateral. As medidas em ambas as técnicas foram comparadas segundo teste t Student. Resultados: O método AP com carga apresentou médias maiores para as medidas realizadas nos pontos médios do compartimento lateral em ambos os lados. Para todos os demais pontos de medidas, as médias foram inferiores às observadas na incidência vista póstero-anterior do túnel. Conclusões: Não houve diferença estatística nas medições do espaço articular do joelho nas duas incidências, AP e VPAT.

Guía clínica tratamiento médico en personas de 55 años y más con artrosis de cadera y/o rodilla leve o moderada / Clinical guide medical treatment in persons 55 years and over with osteoarthritis of the hip and/or mild moderate knee

La importancia de la Artrosis u Osteoartritis (OA), radica en su alta frecuencia, las molestias que ocasiona a quienes la padecen y el importante deterioro funcional que suele asociarse al compromiso de rodillas y/o caderas. La Artrosis u Osteoartritis (OA), es la enfermedad articular más frecuente. Su frecuencia va aumentando con la edad, y en los mayores de 60 años se estima que más del 80 por ciento presenta alteraciones radiológicas de OA en al menos una articulación. Es difícil realizar comparaciones directas entre diferentes estudios epidemiológicos, ya que en general difieren en la metodología empleada. El diagnóstico radiológico se ha considerado como el patrón de referencia para estudios epidemiológicos de OA, pero los altos costos hacen que los estudios poblacionales, particularmente en Latinoamérica, sean escasos. Estudios más recientes emplean estrategias que apuntan a evaluar sólo a los que son sintomáticos. La prevalencia de la osteoartritis aumenta con la edad. En estudios de necropsias la OA es casi universal en mayores de 65 años. Un estudio Holandés, usando diagnóstico radiológico, realizado en 6.585 individuos, elegidos de manera aleatoria de la población general, demostró una prevalencia creciente con la edad, especialmente en las mujeres. Los datos a nivel mundial son escasos. En OA de caderas, se han reportado valores de 47 hasta 88 casos por 100.000 habitantes, mientras que para la rodilla se han estimado incidencias entre 164 y 240/100.000.

Radiografia con carga en flexion para la deteccion precoz de artrosis de rodilla: mejorando el screening / Flexion weight bearing X ray for early detection of knee osteoarthritis: improving the screening

La osteoartrosis de rodilla es una patología con una elevada prevalencia en nuestro medio cuyo diagnóstico precoz es fundamental para un adecuado y oportuno tratamiento, y eventualmente, retrasar su progresión. En población deportista de la vida media, su detección precoz puede ser muy importante para el consejo médico de una práctica deportiva que no agrave su progresión. Evaluamos las radiografías de 44 rodillas en 32 pacientes (24 mujeres y 8 hombres), entre 26 y 78 años. Todos los pacientes eran sintomáticos y con un diagnóstico presuntivo de gonartrosis. Las proyecciones radiológicas empleadas fueron: convencional (anteroposterior (AP) en extensión, con carga) y Rosenberg (posteroanterior (PA) con carga y flexión de 45 grados). Al analizar y comparar ambas proyecciones se encontró una mayor capacidad de la proyección de Rosenberg para detectar la disminución del espacio articular en la articulación femorotibial, comparado con las proyecciones convencionales AP. Dicha diferencia fue estadísticamente significativa en nuestro estudio. Se concluye que la proyección de Rosenberg debería ser la proyección de elección en el estudio radiológico inicial de todo paciente con sospecha de gonartrosis.

Estudio de la eficacia del condroitín 4 y 6 sulfato en los síntomas de la artrosis de rodilla / Study of the effectiveness of condroitín 4 and 6 sulphate in the symptoms of the artrosis of knee

We developed a prospective, open study to evaluate the efficacy of chondroitin sulfate in the treatment of kneeosteoarthritis. Methodology: We studied 61 patients with primary knee osteoarthritis. They were given 800mg/day chondroitin 4-and 6- sulfate (Condrosulf, IBSA, Switzerland) for a period of three months. Patients were controlled every 30 days using the Lequesne index and the visual analogue pain scale. Medication was suspended after 90 days and patients were reevaluated 90 days later. Only Paracetamol was allowed as analgesic. Results: After 90 days a significant improvement of45 percent was observed in the Lequesne index, and 59 percent for knee pain. Once medication is suspended, the effect tends to slowly revert, with final study results significantly better than basal levels. Residual effect is better in patients under age 65 and in those with less basal radiological damage. Subjective opinion of both patient and doctor concurs with results. Conclusions: Chondroitin 4-and 6- sulfate is effective for the symptomatic treatment of knee osteoarthritis. Its effect lasts several months after drug suspension.

Escala de puntuación para evaluar la osteoartritis de la rodilla / Rating scale for osteoarthritis knee assessment

Objetivo: desarrollar un índice para la evaluación clínica de la osteoartritis de rodilla, basados en la escala de puntuación de Bristol. Material y métodos: se realizó un estudio clinimétrico, prospectivo, controlado, observacional, transversal y analítico, en el periodo de agosto a noviembre de 2004. La muestra se integró con 55 pacientes mayores de 35 años que reunieron los criterios clínico-radiográficos para osteoartritis de la rodilla, según la Academia Americana de Reumatología. De forma estandarizada, dos ortopedistas aplicaron la escala de puntuación de Bristol a 25 pacientes, realizando análisis de sensibilidad, consistencia y validez. Con base en dicha escala, se diseñó el índice modificado para el estado clínico de la rodilla con osteoartritis Magdalena de las Salinas H- 1(MSH1). De forma estandarizada, dos ortopedistas aplicaron a 30 pacientes el MSH1, comparando el análisis de sensibilidad, consistencia y validez de ambos índices. Resultados: el coeficiente de correlación intraclase interobservador para la escala de puntuación de Bristol fue: total 0.62, función 0.84, dolor 0.40, movimiento 0.89. Para MSH1: total 0.91, función 0.92, dolor 0.79, movimiento 0.86 (p < 0.0001). La kappa ponderada para las categorías clínicas interobservador de la escala de Bristol fue de 0.51 (p = 0.002), con 80 % de acuerdo. Para MSH1 los valores de kappa ponderada fueron de 0.81 (p < 0.0001), con 90 % de acuerdo. La r de Pearson entre la puntuación total de Bristol y la puntuación radiográfica de osteoartritis fue de –0.29 (p = 0.049); entre la puntuación total del MSH1 y la puntuación radiográfica de osteoartritis fue de –0.62 (p < 0.01). Conclusiones: se diseñó el índice clinimétrico MSH1, con mejor sensibilidad, consistencia y validez que el estándar, que lo hace un instrumento útil y confiable para la evaluación funcional de la osteoartritis de la rodilla.

BACKGROUND: We undertook this study to develop a grading scale to assess knee osteoarthritis using the Bristol Score. METHODS: Between August and November 2004, a clinimetrical, prospective, group-controlled, observational, cross-sectional and analytical study was done. The study sample was comprised of 55 patients, 35 years old and over, with clinical-radiographic diagnosis of knee osteoarthritis following the American Academy of Rheumatology criteria. The Bristol Score was used in 25 patients by two standardized orthopedic surgeons. Sensitivity, consistency and validity of the Bristol Score were determined. The new grading scale to assess osteoarthritis Magdalena de las Salinas H-1(MSH1) was used in 30 patients. Sensitivity, consistency and validity of the MSH1 were also determined. Both indexes were compared in these terms. An osteoarthritis radiographic score was developed to assess the validity of the MSH1. RESULTS: Inter-observer intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) for the Bristol Score in its categories was total 0.62, function 0.84, pain 0.40 and movement 0.89. Inter-observer ICC for MSH1 in its categories was total 0.91, function 0.92, pain 0.79 and movement 0.86 (p <0.0001). Inter-observer weighed kappa of the Bristol Score was 0.51 (p = 0.002), with 80% agreement. The weighed kappa for the MSH1 was 0.81 (p <0.0001) with 90% agreement. Correlation between the Bristol Score and the osteoarthritis radiographic score was -0.29 (p = 0.049). Correlation between the MSH1 and the radiographic score of osteoarthritis was -0.62 (p <0.01). CONCLUSIONS: MSH1 achieved better validity than the Bristol Score and can be considered a reliable instrument to assess knee osteoarthritis.

Efectividad del desbridamiento artroscópico en los pacientes con osteoartritis de la rodilla / Effectiveness of arthroscopic debridement in patients with osteoarthritis of the knee

Se realizo un estudio prospectivo en 21 pacientes pertenecientes a la población del Hospital "Dr. Ricardo Baquero Gonzalez" de Caracas, en el lapso comprendido entre agosto de agosto de 2004 a agosto de 2005, para establecer la efectividad del desbridamiento artroscópico en los pacientes con osteoartritis de rodilla. Se evaluaron pacientes desde el punto de vista clínico y radiológico para su selección. Una vez constituido el grupo, essometido al tratamiento de desbridamiento artroscópico estándar. Los resultados fueron analizados a través de la Escala Análoga Visual y el cuestionario de WOMAC, en el momento preoperatorio y postoperatorio. Aplicando T de Student, con intervalos de confianza de 95 por ciento. Se reportaron resultados favorables, obteniendo 7.86 puntos (excelente) a los 6 meses de la evaluación, en el cuestionario de WOCMAN y el 85.71 por ciento de los pacientes sin dolor al finalizar el estudio.